MAC地址
拆分词条
MAC地址
求助编辑百科名片
MAC(Media Access Control)地址,或称为 MAC位址、硬件位址,用来定义网络设备的位置。在OSI模型中,第三层网络层负责 IP地址,第二层资料链结层则负责 MAC位址。因此一个主机会有一个IP地址,而每个网络位置会有一个专属于它的MAC位址。
求助编辑百科名片
MAC(Media Access Control)地址,或称为 MAC位址、硬件位址,用来定义网络设备的位置。在OSI模型中,第三层网络层负责 IP地址,第二层资料链结层则负责 MAC位址。因此一个主机会有一个IP地址,而每个网络位置会有一个专属于它的MAC位址。
编辑本段概述

mac地址
编辑本段MAC地址解释

编辑本段MAC地址的作用

ip地址
编辑本段如何获取本机的MAC?
win98/me
对于数量不多的几台机器,我们可以这样获取MAC地址:在Windows 98/Me中,依次单击“开始”→“运行” →输入“winipcfg”→回车。即可看到MAC地址。在Windows 2000/XP/Vista/7中
单击开始,点击运行,输入cmd,,进入后输入ipconfig /all即可。(如图)
Vista下查看MAC地址
linux/unix
在命令行输入ipconfig即可看到MAC地址,如图所示:
LINUX下查看MAC地址
编辑本段修改网卡MAC地址的方法
其实更改网卡MAC地址的功能不论98、2000还是XP,都已经提供了,只是平时大家都没有注意到而已。下面我就说说怎么更改。很简单哦。。。win2000修改方法
好了,现在先来看看WIN2000。在桌面上网上邻居图标上点右键,选"属性",在出来的"网络和拨号连接"窗口中一般有两个图标,一个是"新建连接"图标,一个是"我的连接"图标。如果你的机器上有两个网卡的话,那就有三个图标了。如果你只有一个网卡,那就在"我的连接"图标上点右键,选"属性",会出来一个"我的连接 属性"的窗口。在图口上部有一个"连接时使用:"的标识,下面就是你机器上的网卡型号了。在下面有一个"配置"按钮,点击该按钮后就进入了网卡的属性对话框了,这个对话框中有五个属性页,点击第二项"高级"页,在"属性"标识下有两项:一个是"Link Speed/Duplex Mode",这是设置网卡工作速率的,我们需要改的是下面一个"Network Address",点击该项,在对话框右边的"值"标识下有两个单选项,默认得是"不存在" ,我们只要选中上面一个单选项,然后在右边的框中输入你想改的网卡MAC地址,点"确定",等待一会儿,网卡地址就改好了,你甚至不用停用网卡! 另外,你也可以在"设置管理器"中,打开网卡的属性页来修改,效果一样。WINXP的修改方法跟WIN2000一样。98下修改方法
在98下面修改和WIN2000、XP下差不多。在"网上邻居"图标上点右键,选择"属性",出来一个"网络"对话框,在"配置"框中,双击你要修改的网卡,出来一个网卡属性对话框。在"高级"选项中,也是点击"属性"标识下的"Network Address"项,在右边的两个单选项中选择上面一个,再在框中输入你要修改的网卡MAC地址,点"确定"后,系统会提示你重新启动。重新启动后,你的网卡地址就告修改成功!! 如果你想把网卡的MAC地址恢复原样,只要再次把"Network Address"项右边的单选项选择为下面一个"没有显示"再重新启动即可。在WIN2000、XP下面是选择"不存在",当然也不用重新启动了。
注册表编辑器

超级兔子设置
编辑本段
MAC地址的应用 平日身份证的作用并不是很大,但是到了有的关键时刻,身份证就是用来证明你的身份的。比如你要去银行提取现金,这时就要用到身份证。那么MAC地址与IP地址绑定就如同我们在日常生活中的本人携带自己的身份证去做重要事情一样的道理。有的时候,我们为了防止IP地址被盗用,就通过简单的交换机端口绑定(端口的MAC表使用静态表项),可以在每个交换机端口只连接一台主机的情况下防止修改MAC地址的盗用,如果是三层设备还可以提供:交换机端口/IP/MAC 三者的绑定,防止修改MAC的IP盗用。一般绑定MAC地址都是在交换机和路由器上配置的,是网管人员才能接触到的,对于一般电脑用户来说只要了解了绑定的作用就行了。比如你在校园网中把自己的笔记本电脑换到另外一个宿舍就无法上网了,这个就是因为MAC地址与IP地址(端口)绑定引起的。编辑本段MAC欺骗的攻击方法

arp技术
编辑本段英文资料
In computer networking a Media Access Control address (MAC address) or Ethernet Hardware Address (EHA) or hardware address or adapter address is a quasi-unique identifier attached to most network adapters (NIC or Network Interface Card). It is a number that serves as an identifier for a particular network adapter. Thus network cards (or built-in network adapters) in two different computers will have different MAC addresses, as would an Ethernet adapter and a wireless adapter in the same computer, and as would multiple network cards in a router. However, it is possible to change the MAC address on most of today's hardware, often referred to as MAC spoofing. Most layer 2 network protocols use one of three numbering spaces managed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): MAC-48, EUI-48, and EUI-64, which are designed to be globally unique. Not all communications protocols use MAC addresses, and not all protocols require globally unique identifiers. The IEEE claims trademarks on the names "EUI-48" and "EUI-64" ("EUI" stands for Extended Unique Identifier). MAC addresses, unlike IP addresses and IPX addresses, are not divided into "host" and "network" portions. Therefore, a host cannot determine from the MAC address of another host whether that host is on the same layer 2 network segment as the sending host or a network segment bridged to that network segment. ARP is commonly used to convert from addresses in a layer 3 protocol such as Internet Protocol (IP) to the layer 2 MAC address. On broadcast networks, such as Ethernet, the MAC address allows each host to be uniquely identified and allows frames to be marked for specific hosts. It thus forms the basis of most of the layer 2 networking upon which higher OSI Layer protocols are built to produce complex, functioning networks. Contents [hide] 1 Notational conventions 2 Address details 2.1 Individual address block 3 Bit-reversed notation 4 See also 5 References 6 External links [edit] Notational conventions The standard (IEEE 802) format for printing MAC-48 addresses in human-readable media is six groups of two hexadecimal digits, separated by hyphens (-) in transmission order, e.g. 01-23-45-67-89-ab. This form is also commonly used for EUI-64. Other conventions include six groups of two separated by colons (:), e.g. 01:23:45:67:89:ab; or three groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by dots (.), e.g. 0123.4567.89ab; again in transmission order. [edit] Address details The original IEEE 802 MAC address comes from the original Xerox Ethernet addressing scheme.[1] This 48-bit address space contains potentially 248 or 281,474,976,710,656 possible MAC addresses. All three numbering systems use the same format and differ only in the length of the identifier. Addresses can either be "universally administered addresses" or "locally administered addresses." A universally administered address is uniquely assigned to a device by its manufacturer; these are sometimes called "burned-in addresses" (BIA). The first three octets (in transmission order) identify the organization that issued the identifier and are known as the Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI). The following three (MAC-48 and EUI-48) or five (EUI-64) octets are assigned by that organization in nearly any manner they please, subject to the constraint of uniqueness. The IEEE expects the MAC-48 space to be exhausted no sooner than the year 2100; EUI-64s are not expected to run out in the foreseeable future. A locally administered address is assigned to a device by a network administrator, overriding the burned-in address. Locally administered addresses do not contain OUIs. Universally administered and locally administered addresses are distinguished by setting the second least significant bit of the most significant byte of the address. If the bit is 0, the address is universally administered. If it is 1, the address is locally administered. The bit is 0 in all OUIs. For example, 02-00-00-00-00-01. The most significant byte is 02h. The binary is 00000010 and the second least significant bit is 1. Therefore, it is a locally administered address.[2] If the least significant bit of the most significant byte is set to a 0, the packet is meant to reach only one receiving NIC. This is called unicast. If the least significant bit of the most significant byte is set to a 1, the packet is meant to be sent only once but still reach several NICs. This is called multicast. MAC-48 and EUI-48 addresses are usually shown in hexadecimal format, with each octet separated by a dash or colon. An example of a MAC-48 address would be "00-08-74-4C-7F-1D". If you cross-reference the first three octets with IEEE's OUI assignments,[3] you can see that this MAC address came from Dell Computer Corp. The last three octets represent the serial number assigned to the adapter by the manufacturer. The following technologies use the MAC-48 identifier format: Ethernet 802.11 wireless networks Bluetooth IEEE 802.5 token ring most other IEEE 802 networks FDDI ATM (switched virtual connections only, as part of an NSAP address) Fibre Channel and Serial Attached SCSI (as part of a World Wide Name) The distinction between EUI-48 and MAC-48 identifiers is purely semantic: MAC-48 is used for network hardware; EUI-48 is used to identify other devices and software. (Thus, by definition, an EUI-48 is not in fact a "MAC address", although it is syntactically indistinguishable from one and assigned from the same numbering space.) The IEEE now considers the label MAC-48 to be an obsolete term which was previously used to refer to a specific type of EUI-48 identifier used to address hardware interfaces within existing 802-based networking applications and should not be used in the future. Instead, the term EUI-48 should be used for this purpose. EUI-64 identifiers are used in: FireWire IPv6 (as the low-order 64 bits of a unicast network address when temporary addresses are not being used) ZigBee / 802.15.4 wireless personal-area networks The IEEE has built in several special address types to allow more than one Network Interface Card to be addressed at one time: Packets sent to the broadcast address, all one bits, are received by all stations on a local area network. In hexadecimal the broadcast address would be "FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF". Packets sent to a multicast address are received by all stations on a LAN that have been configured to receive packets sent to that address. Functional addresses identify one of more Token Ring NICs that provide a particular service, defined in IEEE 802.5. These are "group addresses", as opposed to "individual addresses"; the least significant bit of the first octet of a MAC address distinguishes individual addresses from group addresses. That bit is set to 0 in individual addresses and 1 in group addresses. Group addresses, like individual addresses, can be universally administered or locally administered. In addition, the EUI-64 numbering system encompasses both MAC-48 and EUI-48 identifiers by a simple translation mechanism. To convert a MAC-48 into an EUI-64, copy the OUI, append the two octets "FF-FF", and then copy the organization-specified part. To convert an EUI-48 into an EUI-64, the same process is used, but the sequence inserted is "FF-FE". In both cases, the process can be trivially reversed when necessary. Organizations issuing EUI-64s are cautioned against issuing identifiers that could be confused with these forms. The IEEE policy is to discourage new uses of 48-bit identifiers in favor of the EUI-64 system. IPv6—one of the most prominent standards that uses EUI-64—applies these rules inconsistently. Due to an error in the appendix to the specification of IPv6 addressing, it is standard practice to extend MAC-48 addresses (such as IEEE 802 MAC address) to EUI-64 using "FF-FE" rather than "FF-FF." [edit] Individual address block An Individual Address Block comprises a 24-bit OUI managed by the IEEE Registration Authority, followed by 12 IEEE-provided bits (identifying the organization), and 12 bits for the owner to assign to individual devices. An IAB is ideal for organizations requiring fewer than 4097 unique 48-bit numbers (EUI-48).[4] [edit] Bit-reversed notation The standard transmission order notation for MAC addresses, as seen in the output of the ifconfig command for example, is also called canonical format. However, since IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) and IEEE 802.4 (Token Bus) send the bits over the wire with least significant bit first, while IEEE 802.5 (Token Ring) and IEEE 802.6 send the bits over the wire with most significant bit first, confusion may arise where an address in the latter scenario is represented with bits reversed from the canonical representation. So for instance, an address whose canonical form is 12-34-56-78-9A-BC would be transmitted over the wire as bits 01001000 00101100 01101010 00011110 01011001 00111101 in the standard transmission order (least significant bit first). But for Token Ring networks, it would be transmitted as bits 00010010 00110100 01010110 01111000 10011010 10111100 in most significant bit first order. If care is not taken to translate correctly and consistently to the canonical representation, the latter might be displayed as 482C6A1E593D, which could cause confusion. This would be referred to as "Bit-reversed order", "Non-canonical form", "MSB format", "IBM format", or "Token Ring format" as explained by RFC 2469. Canonical form is preferred[who?]. [edit] See also NSAP address, another endpoint addressing scheme. Cisco Hot Standby Router Protocol or standard alternative VRRP Virtual router redundancy protocol, which allows multiple routers to share one IP address and MAC address to provide router redundancy. The OpenBSD project has an open source alternative, the Common Address Redundancy Protocol (CARP).编辑本段FAQ
介绍:这个实例用IP-以太网说明组播和太网组播的关系,及以太网组播的细节过程。 1) 什么是IP组播?协议层常需要和组群打交道,进行发现、通知、查询等工作。IP用组播IP地址在第三层组播,一个multicast IP address 可以有多个成员,组播数据包会被IP层路由器转发到组群成员所在的路由器,然后用以太网的组播功能把数据包送到组播成员的网卡接口。例,OSPF 用Hello来发现局域网中的OSPF邻居,HSRP发送Hello组播包把自己的状态通知其它的HSRP路由器。 2) 以太网怎么组播的 (multicast)?以太网具有广播属性,一个节点发送的数据包会被以太网洪泛,导致每一个以太网网卡接口都会收到这个数据包。接口收到数据包后,并不马上交给节点CPU处理,而是进行MAC地址比较,如果数据包的目的MAC地址和接口的MAC地址一样,它才接受,把数据包交给计算机,否则就把数据包丢弃。组群成员的网卡接口除了硬件MAC地址 (unicast MAC),还有组播MAC地址 (multicast MAC)。接口收到组播包,会把此包的目的MAC地址 (是个组播MAC)和自己的MAC地址比较,如果组播地址相同,就会接受此包。这样,局网内这个组群的所有成员,都会收到送往该组群的组播包。但是,IP的组播地址和以太网接口的组播MAC地址是什么关系呢? 3) IP-Ethernet 的组播地址有什么关系?许多MAC组播地址是从IP组播地址转换而来。 例,OSPF IP组播地址是224.0.0.5, 转换为相应的MAC组播地址如下: 1) 把IP地址(32位)用二进制表现 1110000: 00000000: 00000000: 00000101 2) 然后抽出最右边的23叫做A 0000000: 00000000: 00000101 3) 把IEE定义的组播01:00:5e作为B. B有24位 (二进制是 00000001:00000000:01011110) 4) 合成相应的MAC组播地址如下: 连接 B,0,A: B有24位,在左边; 0是一位,在中间,A有23位,在右边。共46位。. 二进制是 00000001:00000000:01011110:000000000: 00000000: 00000101 十六进制是 01:00:5e:00:00:05 4) 有多少个IP组播地址?答:IP协议把224.0.0.0 ~ 239.255.255.255之间的IP地址都用做IP组播地址。以下列出前几个组播地址。 224.0.0.0 Base address (reserved) 224.0.0.1 The All Hosts multicast group that contains all systems on the same network segment 224.0.0.2 The All Routers multicast group that contains all routers on the same network segment 224.0.0.5 The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) AllSPFRouters address. Used to send Hello packets to all OSPF routers on a network segment 224.0.0.6。The OSPF AllDRouters address. Used to send OSPF routing information to OSPF designated routers on a network segment 224.0.0.9 The RIP version 2 group address. Used to send routing information using the RIP protocol to all RIP v2-aware routers on a network segment 224.0.0.10 EIGRP group address. Used to send EIGRP routing information to all EIGRP routers 。5) 有没有以太网专用的MAC组播地址?以下列出一些以太网专用的组播地址 Ethernet multicast address Type Field Usage 01-00-0C-CC-CC-CC 0x0802 CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol), VTP (VLAN Trunking ) 01-00-0C-CC-CC-CD 0x0802 Cisco Shared Spanning Tree Protocol Address 01-80-C2-00-00-00 0x0802 Spanning Tree Protocol (for bridges) IEEE 802.1D编辑本段以太网怎么配合传递数据包
【注】为突出重点,本文只讨论IP-以太网的知识点。1) IP-以太网怎么配合传送数据包? IP的任务是把源计算机发送的数据包经路由器转发到最后一站路由器,然后以太网把数据包从路由器传送给目的计算机。方法是使用数据包的报头: - 把IP报头的目的IP地址设为目的计算机的IP地址,路由器根据1这个地址查看路由表而把数据包转发到 下一站。一站一站的发展,最后把数据包转发到目的计算机所在的路由器。 - 把Link报头的目的MAC地址设为目的计算机的MAC地址。以太网洪泛,把数据包收到每一段网内的决定, 但只有目的计算机会接受,其它节点不会接受。 2)路由器怎么转发数据包? 路由协议计算出传送路径,存放在路由器的路由表里。路由器上的数据包时,抽出报头里的目的计算机的目的IP地址,路由查看路由表,找到下一站的接口,把数据包从这个接口转发,抵达下一站。IP地址,路由器转发。 3) 以太网怎么把数据包传递给目的计算机? 以太网内的计算机用网卡连接到以太网。一个网卡可以有几个接口1。每个网卡接口都配置一个IP地址,和一个固定的硬件地址 (hardware address),也叫做单播MAC地址 (Unicast MAC)。 由于以太网有广播的属性,数据包经路由器的以太网接口转发时,会被洪泛到以太网中所有的接口,网卡接口在收到一个数据包时,把数据包的目的MAC地址和自己的unicast MAC地址比较,若相同,就接受此包,否则丢弃。这样,只有接收方的技术会接收此包,其它接口会丢弃此包。 4) 怎么配置数据包的报头?计算机发送信息前得先封装报头,把报头和数据合起来,成为一个数据包,发送时以数据包为单位。 - 数据 (payload) 是计算机所要传递的信息。 - 报头(header) 包含网络设备、协议所需的控制信息,与OSI模式的layer相应。常见的报头有link, IP, transport 等 (二,三,四层)。- 扩展阅读:
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- 1
以太网单播实例 (仿真动画) http://www.visualland.net/view.php?cid=888&f=LAN2_ucast
- 2
以太网组播实例 (仿真动画).http://www.visualland.net/view.php?cid=891&f=LAN3_mcast
- 3
以太网广播实例 (仿真动画)A.http://www.visualland.net/view.php?cid=889&f=LAN4_bcast
- 1
- 开放分类:
- 网络,电脑,网卡,ARP,ARP欺骗
MAC地址
求助编辑百科名片
MAC(Media Access Control)地址,或称为 MAC位址、硬件位址,用来定义网络设备的位置。在OSI模型中,第三层网络层负责 IP地址,第二层资料链结层则负责 MAC位址。因此一个主机会有一个IP地址,而每个网络位置会有一个专属于它的MAC位址。
编辑本段概述

mac地址
编辑本段MAC地址解释

编辑本段MAC地址的作用

ip地址
编辑本段如何获取本机的MAC?
win98/me
对于数量不多的几台机器,我们可以这样获取MAC地址:在Windows 98/Me中,依次单击“开始”→“运行” →输入“winipcfg”→回车。即可看到MAC地址。在Windows 2000/XP/Vista/7中
单击开始,点击运行,输入cmd,,进入后输入ipconfig /all即可。(如图)
Vista下查看MAC地址
linux/unix
在命令行输入ipconfig即可看到MAC地址,如图所示:
LINUX下查看MAC地址
编辑本段修改网卡MAC地址的方法
其实更改网卡MAC地址的功能不论98、2000还是XP,都已经提供了,只是平时大家都没有注意到而已。下面我就说说怎么更改。很简单哦。。。win2000修改方法
好了,现在先来看看WIN2000。在桌面上网上邻居图标上点右键,选"属性",在出来的"网络和拨号连接"窗口中一般有两个图标,一个是"新建连接"图标,一个是"我的连接"图标。如果你的机器上有两个网卡的话,那就有三个图标了。如果你只有一个网卡,那就在"我的连接"图标上点右键,选"属性",会出来一个"我的连接 属性"的窗口。在图口上部有一个"连接时使用:"的标识,下面就是你机器上的网卡型号了。在下面有一个"配置"按钮,点击该按钮后就进入了网卡的属性对话框了,这个对话框中有五个属性页,点击第二项"高级"页,在"属性"标识下有两项:一个是"Link Speed/Duplex Mode",这是设置网卡工作速率的,我们需要改的是下面一个"Network Address",点击该项,在对话框右边的"值"标识下有两个单选项,默认得是"不存在" ,我们只要选中上面一个单选项,然后在右边的框中输入你想改的网卡MAC地址,点"确定",等待一会儿,网卡地址就改好了,你甚至不用停用网卡! 另外,你也可以在"设置管理器"中,打开网卡的属性页来修改,效果一样。WINXP的修改方法跟WIN2000一样。98下修改方法
在98下面修改和WIN2000、XP下差不多。在"网上邻居"图标上点右键,选择"属性",出来一个"网络"对话框,在"配置"框中,双击你要修改的网卡,出来一个网卡属性对话框。在"高级"选项中,也是点击"属性"标识下的"Network Address"项,在右边的两个单选项中选择上面一个,再在框中输入你要修改的网卡MAC地址,点"确定"后,系统会提示你重新启动。重新启动后,你的网卡地址就告修改成功!! 如果你想把网卡的MAC地址恢复原样,只要再次把"Network Address"项右边的单选项选择为下面一个"没有显示"再重新启动即可。在WIN2000、XP下面是选择"不存在",当然也不用重新启动了。
注册表编辑器

超级兔子设置
编辑本段
MAC地址的应用 平日身份证的作用并不是很大,但是到了有的关键时刻,身份证就是用来证明你的身份的。比如你要去银行提取现金,这时就要用到身份证。那么MAC地址与IP地址绑定就如同我们在日常生活中的本人携带自己的身份证去做重要事情一样的道理。有的时候,我们为了防止IP地址被盗用,就通过简单的交换机端口绑定(端口的MAC表使用静态表项),可以在每个交换机端口只连接一台主机的情况下防止修改MAC地址的盗用,如果是三层设备还可以提供:交换机端口/IP/MAC 三者的绑定,防止修改MAC的IP盗用。一般绑定MAC地址都是在交换机和路由器上配置的,是网管人员才能接触到的,对于一般电脑用户来说只要了解了绑定的作用就行了。比如你在校园网中把自己的笔记本电脑换到另外一个宿舍就无法上网了,这个就是因为MAC地址与IP地址(端口)绑定引起的。编辑本段MAC欺骗的攻击方法

arp技术
编辑本段英文资料
In computer networking a Media Access Control address (MAC address) or Ethernet Hardware Address (EHA) or hardware address or adapter address is a quasi-unique identifier attached to most network adapters (NIC or Network Interface Card). It is a number that serves as an identifier for a particular network adapter. Thus network cards (or built-in network adapters) in two different computers will have different MAC addresses, as would an Ethernet adapter and a wireless adapter in the same computer, and as would multiple network cards in a router. However, it is possible to change the MAC address on most of today's hardware, often referred to as MAC spoofing. Most layer 2 network protocols use one of three numbering spaces managed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): MAC-48, EUI-48, and EUI-64, which are designed to be globally unique. Not all communications protocols use MAC addresses, and not all protocols require globally unique identifiers. The IEEE claims trademarks on the names "EUI-48" and "EUI-64" ("EUI" stands for Extended Unique Identifier). MAC addresses, unlike IP addresses and IPX addresses, are not divided into "host" and "network" portions. Therefore, a host cannot determine from the MAC address of another host whether that host is on the same layer 2 network segment as the sending host or a network segment bridged to that network segment. ARP is commonly used to convert from addresses in a layer 3 protocol such as Internet Protocol (IP) to the layer 2 MAC address. On broadcast networks, such as Ethernet, the MAC address allows each host to be uniquely identified and allows frames to be marked for specific hosts. It thus forms the basis of most of the layer 2 networking upon which higher OSI Layer protocols are built to produce complex, functioning networks. Contents [hide] 1 Notational conventions 2 Address details 2.1 Individual address block 3 Bit-reversed notation 4 See also 5 References 6 External links [edit] Notational conventions The standard (IEEE 802) format for printing MAC-48 addresses in human-readable media is six groups of two hexadecimal digits, separated by hyphens (-) in transmission order, e.g. 01-23-45-67-89-ab. This form is also commonly used for EUI-64. Other conventions include six groups of two separated by colons (:), e.g. 01:23:45:67:89:ab; or three groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by dots (.), e.g. 0123.4567.89ab; again in transmission order. [edit] Address details The original IEEE 802 MAC address comes from the original Xerox Ethernet addressing scheme.[1] This 48-bit address space contains potentially 248 or 281,474,976,710,656 possible MAC addresses. All three numbering systems use the same format and differ only in the length of the identifier. Addresses can either be "universally administered addresses" or "locally administered addresses." A universally administered address is uniquely assigned to a device by its manufacturer; these are sometimes called "burned-in addresses" (BIA). The first three octets (in transmission order) identify the organization that issued the identifier and are known as the Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI). The following three (MAC-48 and EUI-48) or five (EUI-64) octets are assigned by that organization in nearly any manner they please, subject to the constraint of uniqueness. The IEEE expects the MAC-48 space to be exhausted no sooner than the year 2100; EUI-64s are not expected to run out in the foreseeable future. A locally administered address is assigned to a device by a network administrator, overriding the burned-in address. Locally administered addresses do not contain OUIs. Universally administered and locally administered addresses are distinguished by setting the second least significant bit of the most significant byte of the address. If the bit is 0, the address is universally administered. If it is 1, the address is locally administered. The bit is 0 in all OUIs. For example, 02-00-00-00-00-01. The most significant byte is 02h. The binary is 00000010 and the second least significant bit is 1. Therefore, it is a locally administered address.[2] If the least significant bit of the most significant byte is set to a 0, the packet is meant to reach only one receiving NIC. This is called unicast. If the least significant bit of the most significant byte is set to a 1, the packet is meant to be sent only once but still reach several NICs. This is called multicast. MAC-48 and EUI-48 addresses are usually shown in hexadecimal format, with each octet separated by a dash or colon. An example of a MAC-48 address would be "00-08-74-4C-7F-1D". If you cross-reference the first three octets with IEEE's OUI assignments,[3] you can see that this MAC address came from Dell Computer Corp. The last three octets represent the serial number assigned to the adapter by the manufacturer. The following technologies use the MAC-48 identifier format: Ethernet 802.11 wireless networks Bluetooth IEEE 802.5 token ring most other IEEE 802 networks FDDI ATM (switched virtual connections only, as part of an NSAP address) Fibre Channel and Serial Attached SCSI (as part of a World Wide Name) The distinction between EUI-48 and MAC-48 identifiers is purely semantic: MAC-48 is used for network hardware; EUI-48 is used to identify other devices and software. (Thus, by definition, an EUI-48 is not in fact a "MAC address", although it is syntactically indistinguishable from one and assigned from the same numbering space.) The IEEE now considers the label MAC-48 to be an obsolete term which was previously used to refer to a specific type of EUI-48 identifier used to address hardware interfaces within existing 802-based networking applications and should not be used in the future. Instead, the term EUI-48 should be used for this purpose. EUI-64 identifiers are used in: FireWire IPv6 (as the low-order 64 bits of a unicast network address when temporary addresses are not being used) ZigBee / 802.15.4 wireless personal-area networks The IEEE has built in several special address types to allow more than one Network Interface Card to be addressed at one time: Packets sent to the broadcast address, all one bits, are received by all stations on a local area network. In hexadecimal the broadcast address would be "FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF". Packets sent to a multicast address are received by all stations on a LAN that have been configured to receive packets sent to that address. Functional addresses identify one of more Token Ring NICs that provide a particular service, defined in IEEE 802.5. These are "group addresses", as opposed to "individual addresses"; the least significant bit of the first octet of a MAC address distinguishes individual addresses from group addresses. That bit is set to 0 in individual addresses and 1 in group addresses. Group addresses, like individual addresses, can be universally administered or locally administered. In addition, the EUI-64 numbering system encompasses both MAC-48 and EUI-48 identifiers by a simple translation mechanism. To convert a MAC-48 into an EUI-64, copy the OUI, append the two octets "FF-FF", and then copy the organization-specified part. To convert an EUI-48 into an EUI-64, the same process is used, but the sequence inserted is "FF-FE". In both cases, the process can be trivially reversed when necessary. Organizations issuing EUI-64s are cautioned against issuing identifiers that could be confused with these forms. The IEEE policy is to discourage new uses of 48-bit identifiers in favor of the EUI-64 system. IPv6—one of the most prominent standards that uses EUI-64—applies these rules inconsistently. Due to an error in the appendix to the specification of IPv6 addressing, it is standard practice to extend MAC-48 addresses (such as IEEE 802 MAC address) to EUI-64 using "FF-FE" rather than "FF-FF." [edit] Individual address block An Individual Address Block comprises a 24-bit OUI managed by the IEEE Registration Authority, followed by 12 IEEE-provided bits (identifying the organization), and 12 bits for the owner to assign to individual devices. An IAB is ideal for organizations requiring fewer than 4097 unique 48-bit numbers (EUI-48).[4] [edit] Bit-reversed notation The standard transmission order notation for MAC addresses, as seen in the output of the ifconfig command for example, is also called canonical format. However, since IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) and IEEE 802.4 (Token Bus) send the bits over the wire with least significant bit first, while IEEE 802.5 (Token Ring) and IEEE 802.6 send the bits over the wire with most significant bit first, confusion may arise where an address in the latter scenario is represented with bits reversed from the canonical representation. So for instance, an address whose canonical form is 12-34-56-78-9A-BC would be transmitted over the wire as bits 01001000 00101100 01101010 00011110 01011001 00111101 in the standard transmission order (least significant bit first). But for Token Ring networks, it would be transmitted as bits 00010010 00110100 01010110 01111000 10011010 10111100 in most significant bit first order. If care is not taken to translate correctly and consistently to the canonical representation, the latter might be displayed as 482C6A1E593D, which could cause confusion. This would be referred to as "Bit-reversed order", "Non-canonical form", "MSB format", "IBM format", or "Token Ring format" as explained by RFC 2469. Canonical form is preferred[who?]. [edit] See also NSAP address, another endpoint addressing scheme. Cisco Hot Standby Router Protocol or standard alternative VRRP Virtual router redundancy protocol, which allows multiple routers to share one IP address and MAC address to provide router redundancy. The OpenBSD project has an open source alternative, the Common Address Redundancy Protocol (CARP).编辑本段FAQ
介绍:这个实例用IP-以太网说明组播和太网组播的关系,及以太网组播的细节过程。 1) 什么是IP组播?协议层常需要和组群打交道,进行发现、通知、查询等工作。IP用组播IP地址在第三层组播,一个multicast IP address 可以有多个成员,组播数据包会被IP层路由器转发到组群成员所在的路由器,然后用以太网的组播功能把数据包送到组播成员的网卡接口。例,OSPF 用Hello来发现局域网中的OSPF邻居,HSRP发送Hello组播包把自己的状态通知其它的HSRP路由器。 2) 以太网怎么组播的 (multicast)?以太网具有广播属性,一个节点发送的数据包会被以太网洪泛,导致每一个以太网网卡接口都会收到这个数据包。接口收到数据包后,并不马上交给节点CPU处理,而是进行MAC地址比较,如果数据包的目的MAC地址和接口的MAC地址一样,它才接受,把数据包交给计算机,否则就把数据包丢弃。组群成员的网卡接口除了硬件MAC地址 (unicast MAC),还有组播MAC地址 (multicast MAC)。接口收到组播包,会把此包的目的MAC地址 (是个组播MAC)和自己的MAC地址比较,如果组播地址相同,就会接受此包。这样,局网内这个组群的所有成员,都会收到送往该组群的组播包。但是,IP的组播地址和以太网接口的组播MAC地址是什么关系呢? 3) IP-Ethernet 的组播地址有什么关系?许多MAC组播地址是从IP组播地址转换而来。 例,OSPF IP组播地址是224.0.0.5, 转换为相应的MAC组播地址如下: 1) 把IP地址(32位)用二进制表现 1110000: 00000000: 00000000: 00000101 2) 然后抽出最右边的23叫做A 0000000: 00000000: 00000101 3) 把IEE定义的组播01:00:5e作为B. B有24位 (二进制是 00000001:00000000:01011110) 4) 合成相应的MAC组播地址如下: 连接 B,0,A: B有24位,在左边; 0是一位,在中间,A有23位,在右边。共46位。. 二进制是 00000001:00000000:01011110:000000000: 00000000: 00000101 十六进制是 01:00:5e:00:00:05 4) 有多少个IP组播地址?答:IP协议把224.0.0.0 ~ 239.255.255.255之间的IP地址都用做IP组播地址。以下列出前几个组播地址。 224.0.0.0 Base address (reserved) 224.0.0.1 The All Hosts multicast group that contains all systems on the same network segment 224.0.0.2 The All Routers multicast group that contains all routers on the same network segment 224.0.0.5 The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) AllSPFRouters address. Used to send Hello packets to all OSPF routers on a network segment 224.0.0.6。The OSPF AllDRouters address. Used to send OSPF routing information to OSPF designated routers on a network segment 224.0.0.9 The RIP version 2 group address. Used to send routing information using the RIP protocol to all RIP v2-aware routers on a network segment 224.0.0.10 EIGRP group address. Used to send EIGRP routing information to all EIGRP routers 。5) 有没有以太网专用的MAC组播地址?以下列出一些以太网专用的组播地址 Ethernet multicast address Type Field Usage 01-00-0C-CC-CC-CC 0x0802 CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol), VTP (VLAN Trunking ) 01-00-0C-CC-CC-CD 0x0802 Cisco Shared Spanning Tree Protocol Address 01-80-C2-00-00-00 0x0802 Spanning Tree Protocol (for bridges) IEEE 802.1D编辑本段以太网怎么配合传递数据包
【注】为突出重点,本文只讨论IP-以太网的知识点。1) IP-以太网怎么配合传送数据包? IP的任务是把源计算机发送的数据包经路由器转发到最后一站路由器,然后以太网把数据包从路由器传送给目的计算机。方法是使用数据包的报头: - 把IP报头的目的IP地址设为目的计算机的IP地址,路由器根据1这个地址查看路由表而把数据包转发到 下一站。一站一站的发展,最后把数据包转发到目的计算机所在的路由器。 - 把Link报头的目的MAC地址设为目的计算机的MAC地址。以太网洪泛,把数据包收到每一段网内的决定, 但只有目的计算机会接受,其它节点不会接受。 2)路由器怎么转发数据包? 路由协议计算出传送路径,存放在路由器的路由表里。路由器上的数据包时,抽出报头里的目的计算机的目的IP地址,路由查看路由表,找到下一站的接口,把数据包从这个接口转发,抵达下一站。IP地址,路由器转发。 3) 以太网怎么把数据包传递给目的计算机? 以太网内的计算机用网卡连接到以太网。一个网卡可以有几个接口1。每个网卡接口都配置一个IP地址,和一个固定的硬件地址 (hardware address),也叫做单播MAC地址 (Unicast MAC)。 由于以太网有广播的属性,数据包经路由器的以太网接口转发时,会被洪泛到以太网中所有的接口,网卡接口在收到一个数据包时,把数据包的目的MAC地址和自己的unicast MAC地址比较,若相同,就接受此包,否则丢弃。这样,只有接收方的技术会接收此包,其它接口会丢弃此包。 4) 怎么配置数据包的报头?计算机发送信息前得先封装报头,把报头和数据合起来,成为一个数据包,发送时以数据包为单位。 - 数据 (payload) 是计算机所要传递的信息。 - 报头(header) 包含网络设备、协议所需的控制信息,与OSI模式的layer相应。常见的报头有link, IP, transport 等 (二,三,四层)。- 扩展阅读:
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以太网单播实例 (仿真动画) http://www.visualland.net/view.php?cid=888&f=LAN2_ucast
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以太网组播实例 (仿真动画).http://www.visualland.net/view.php?cid=891&f=LAN3_mcast
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以太网广播实例 (仿真动画)A.http://www.visualland.net/view.php?cid=889&f=LAN4_bcast
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- 开放分类:
- 网络,电脑,网卡,ARP,ARP欺骗
Tags: MAC